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Wednesday, August 26, 2020
The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde
Presentation Realism in the visual expressions stresses on the target portrayal of the real world and precision, where theater and dramatization are significant segments. To accomplish authenticity in plays, dramatists endeavor to introduce genuine individuals encountering showdowns with the physical and philosophical challenges where they will in general become casualties of powers past their control.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Like the normal individual, the characters in pragmatist plays scarcely show up at answers for their particular quandaries. Be that as it may, individuals look at authenticity as a dead practice in expressions of the human experience since, as most dramatists contend, it meddles with the tasteful nature of the work with individuals like Vivian announcing it a total disappointment. Truth be told, the case is valid and direct as Oscar Wilde uncovers. Authenticity: A Complete Failure Oscar Wilde doesn't perceive authenticity, as a strategy worth holding dear as done by the vast majority of the scholars of his occasions, on the grounds that as indicated by him, it is close to an absolute disappointment. In his satire, ââ¬Å"The Importance of being Earnestâ⬠, he investigates extensively genuine topics, for example, marriage in an impressively misrepresented way. Most pundits of this work hence consider the play as completely unimportant and shallow. The pundits contend that, in view of the way in which Wilde investigates the intricate viewpoint marriage, one can just arrive at it after taking care of the work in a reasonable way. This causes the crowd to remove themselves from the happenings in the play in that they to think about it as simple diversion. There are a few occasions in the play where Wilde purposely disregards authenticity in the way he portrays the association between the characters, their exch ange, and their activities since it doesn't work as indicated by him. The initial scene of the play ââ¬ËThe Importance of Being Earnestâ⬠, the peruser is acquainted with profoundly adapted, overstated and ridiculous world .The characters in this scene too a s others all through the play are not genuine characters in that they appear to worriless about what they state. They are there strict builds made to convey the lines. Initially, there appears to bring a logical inconsistency up in the occasion where Earnest Worthing needs to take a cucumber however his host Algernon censures it. Algernon constantly asserts that he has requested the cucumbers explicitly for Lady Blacknell simultaneously eating them. He has the reason that he is in a situation to eat the sandwiches since they have a place with his auntie. Algernon proposes that Jack eat the bread and butter requested for Gwendolen. At the point when he sets out on it with energy, Algernon stops him again blaming him for no w carrying on as though effectively wedded to Gwendolen. This makes is generally challenged by pundits of food being a reason for social conflicts.Advertising Looking for article on american writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The way that Algernon professes to have gotten his proof about jack having been having a twofold existence by taking a gander at a cigarette case is very silly undoubtedly. The depiction of Cecily is that of a youthful blameless young lady in the nation ranch whom jack is disparaging, the inquiry here emerges on how the young lady needed to keep in touch with his uncle on a cigarette case. This is a purposeful creation shaped by Wilde to connect with the part of jack being having a twofold existence. Truth be told, taking into account that Algernon has referred to jack as Earnest for quite a long time, it beats rationale to communicate it in authenticity how jack concedes so effectively and admit s his genuine personality. The possibility of a man not knowing where his closest companion dwells following quite a while of having realized him is silly and ridiculous. So as to make the play intriguing Wilde needs to forfeit the part of authenticity. The entire thought of the name of an accomplice being a significant determinant in picking a marriage accomplice is totally senseless in the way that it adventitiously matters to two unique ladies in various conditions who fall for a man in light of his name. For a pragmatist, this is a just built occurrence to have the plot of the play moving. The two ladies with their disparities partner the name ââ¬ËEarnestââ¬â¢ with certainty by saying that, ââ¬Å"it rouses outright confidenceâ⬠. In the scene where lady Blacknel is talking with Jack to rate his qualification as a possible child in law, the inquiries that the lady pose are totally random to the current setting. Oscar Wilde appears to have this character to imply the Br itish upper classââ¬â¢s oppressive nature. The lady appears in over the top control of who ought to wed her little girl than the young lady herself. Her language is mocking and uninterested, which is normal for the unrealism contained in the entire play. Wilde represents that being increasingly worried about authenticity ties the playwrightsââ¬â¢ turns in communicating major issues in the general public in an intriguing way. Woman Blacknel is loaded with logical inconsistencies, which appear to be for the most part purposeful to make humor. She tells jack, ââ¬Å"To lose one parent, Worthing, might be viewed as a disaster; to lose the two looks like carelessness.â⬠This comment draws its amusingness from the way that it is just crazy and capricious. One can't consider this the case the extent that reasonable portrayal of life remains in that lone reality with regards to the occasions have a potential for success to show up in records. For example, she tells Jack, ââ¬Å"L and has stopped to be either a benefit or a pleasureâ⬠. Later she repudiates herself and praises when he uncovers to her that he has a nation house. She says, ââ¬Å"A nation house!â⬠this uncovers she is a variable character made by Wilde to parody the upper class.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is through fortuitous events that shape the way, wherein the characters in this play connect with one another. This makes the progression of the play so unsurprising that the crowd can figure effortlessly what will follow straightaway. Truth be told, each experience in the play is a developed incident by the essayist to move the plot further. This misses the mark regarding the portrayal of reality that is the significant motivation to the pragmatists. The scene where Jack proposes to Gwendolen uncovers the purposeful opposing of the authenticity held during th e occasions when this playââ¬â¢s organization. Jack stammers while the lady Gwendolen assumes responsibility valiantly. Wilde needs to purposely modify and incite the reexamining of the suspicions that molded the truth of sexual orientation jobs in the Victorian time. The possibility of insidiousness intrigues Cecily and it is through this that she falls head over heels in adoration with the character Earnest whom jack makes and never exists in the genuine sense. She even anticipates meeting a mischievous individual. This is a minor build considering all the terrible properties connect with insidiousness. The traits are normal for the scoundrels in the sensible exhibitions. Wilde communicates disappointment of authenticity in this specific play in the way of playing a few issues that considered as profound not at all like different cases in ââ¬Å"The significance of Being Earnestâ⬠. For example, the issue of death in the play stands apart as a straightforward thing that has no weight at all. This stands apart first through lady Blacknelââ¬â¢s comment that having lost two guardians adds up to recklessness with respect to the person in question. In another scene jack comes in to declare to Cecily that the imaginary character Earnest is dead. This easygoing quality flops in authenticity in that an individual can't lie about the passing of another without the dread of giving evidence on the issue. Jack has just his Victorian grieving formal attire as his solitary evidence of the passing of his sibling. This depicts the shallowness spoke to by Wilde in the play. End In as much as authenticity is a technique accepted and applied by many, Wilde announces it an all out disappointment dependent on his outlines. It meddles with the nature of works in the scholarly fills in as proposed specialists who guarantee that authenticity doesn't hold but instead meddles with the rationale behind the significance of expressions of the human experience in the general pu blic. Delineation of genuine characters managing main problems causes the crowd to distinguish themselves with the characters introduced just as the issues tended to in the exhibitions. Oscar Wilde and others in his way of thinking advocates for the delight in plays and abstract works for what they are, yet not founded on their impact in the general public. This is the possibility of ââ¬Ëart for artââ¬â¢s sakeââ¬â¢ where individuals need to see authenticity, not as an unfortunate obligation however as an end in itself.Advertising Searching for paper on american writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This exposition on The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde was composed and presented by client Taryn Briggs to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Global Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Worldwide Leadership - Essay Example Further, the analysis proffered ramifications of the pattern to Western nations and a distinguishing proof for reasons for concern. Reference was made to Ghemawat and Houtââ¬â¢s (2008) article entitled ââ¬Å"Tomorrowââ¬â¢s Global Giants: Not the Usual Suspectsâ⬠to construe the potential dangers China and India could dispense in contemporary worldwide organizations. The should be cautious and to get ready to pull together worldwide methodologies is prescribed to address looming worldwide administration of these monsters later on. ââ¬Å"China and India: Contest of the Centuryâ⬠The article from The Economist entitled ââ¬Å"China and India: Contest of the Centuryâ⬠at first made reference to worldwide forces of the nineteenth century as fixated on three unmistakable countries: America, Japan, and Germany, after the British Empire had a lot of prevalence in politically influential nation. The article accordingly featured China and India at the inside stage, as de veloping worldwide mammoths in the 21st century. The method of reasoning for these two countriesââ¬â¢ worldwide unmistakable quality lies in different components, indeed: the populace and the geographic size, among others, classifying them as mainlands.
Monday, August 17, 2020
nth Annual Concert in Bad Taste
nth Annual Concert in Bad Taste What happens when you pack hundreds of students armed with paper airplanes and toilet paper into a lecture hall? Well, it starts with one airplane. Then maybe two. Then sooner or later, people forego folding the paper airplanes and just start throwing paper into the air and catapulting toilet paper across 10-250. Why in the world would someone do such a thing? Well, thats a good question. Each year, the MIT Chorollaries host the nth annual concert in Bad Taste. Basically, they make fun of everything under the sun from the past year, and I bet if you Google hard enough, you can find a list of the topics that they made fun of (all in jest, of course). On top of arranging their own renditions of famous artists songs such as Natasha Bedingfields Unwritten, at this concert, they replaced the lyrics with their own. My favorite would have to be the song dedicated to Facebook, which is probably the reasons I get less sleep than I should. And since I think pictures are worth a thousand words, here are a few from the concert and the pre-festivities: (Pictures coming soon)
Sunday, May 24, 2020
Essay on Why the Us Should Have Dropped the Atomic Bombs...
Should the USA have used the atomic bomb on Japan in 1945? 1945 began as a year of increasing tensions between countries as the war extended onto its sixth year. Military groups of the various countries involved were now beginning to seriously consider the conclusion of the war in terms of how the global ceasefire would be carried out and frankly, who would win. After the defeat of the Axis Powers in Europe, the focus had been turned towards the war in Asia and the Pacific Regions in which the Allied Forces of Great Britain, Australia and the USA were in conflict with the Axis power of Japan and her partners. Following the urge to end the war, the ââ¬ËBig Threeââ¬â¢ made up of the three leaders of the major Allied Forces; Churchill, Stalin andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It was predicted that the invasion of the Japanese mainland at the Island of Kyushu, scheduled for November of 1945, would be even worse. The entire Japanese military and civilian population would fight to the death. American casualties for just the initial invasion to get a foothold on the island of Japan would have taken up to an estimated two months and would have resulted in up to 75,000 to 100,000 casualties and potentially up to 20,000 dead. And that was just to secure the beginning of the invasion. If we were to go ahead with the plans for a conventional invasion with ground and naval forces, I believe the Japanese thought that they could inflict very heavy casualties on us and possibly as a result get better surrender terms.â⬠said General Carl Spaatz who was in charge of the Air Force operations in the Pacific. He expresses in his words that he strongly believes that the Japanese knew they had a good chance of overcoming this invasion due to their potential to cause mass destruction in terms of outnumbering the American troops. Thus, due to the undesirable costs the alternative of invasion presented, the USA was justified in using the atomic bomb on Japan as the more ideal alternative. After the dropping of the second bomb on Nagasaki on August 9 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender ofShow MoreRelatedA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words à |à 6 PagesTwo atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World War II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the lives of the bomb survivors, and thus many lives were changed forever. The atomic bombings caused many people to have genetic effects due to the radiation from the bombs. Revisionists have said the US usedRead MoreEssay On The Atomic Bomb910 Words à |à 4 PagesIt has been just over seven decades since the destructive atomic bombs were dropped on Japan. These bombs were the first of its kind-weapons of mass destruction. There are many points-of-view or opinions about whether or not the b ombs should have been used. As always there are two sides to each story; those who are for a cause and those who are against. In this paper, I will discuss the two opposing points-of-view, as well as my own opinion on which argument I find most compelling. During WorldRead MoreWas Bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki Necessary to End World War 2?1650 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe time period when Franklin D. Roosevelt was in office, it was during WWII. Japan attacked the U.S. on Dec. 7, 1941 and was known as Pearl Harbor. When that happened, Roosevelt did not hesitate to ask Congress to officially declare war on Japan. During the war, there was a proposal of an atomic bomb landing over Hiroshima and Nagasaki to finalize the war. To this day there is still controversy that if that atomic bomb was actually necessary to end the war, because of the number of innocent casualtiesRead MoreThe United States Was Justified in Dropping the Atomic Bombs on Japan1244 Words à |à 5 PagesUnited States of America dropped the Atomic Bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The use of these bombs brought a quick end to World War 2, yet caused extensive damage to the two Japanese cities. There have often been disputes as to whether the USA was ju stified in the dropping of the atomic bombs because of the damage they caused, not only to the cities, but to the people of Japan as well. Many people believe that the USA should not have dropped the bombs because of the damage theyRead MoreHarry Trumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb1314 Words à |à 6 Pagesto drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? A. Plan of Investigation Research Question: To what extent was Harry Trumanââ¬â¢s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? This investigation assesses President Harry Trumanââ¬â¢s decision to drop atomic bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It will determine whether or not his decision was justified. This investigation will scrutinize the reasons that made Harry Truman feel inclined to drop atomic bombs over HiroshimaRead MoreThe Threat Of The Atomic Bomb1131 Words à |à 5 PagesThere have been many wars the United States of America have fought in since World War I to the ruthless naval sea battle in World War II with the Japanese. There is no question about it that war is a great catastrophe, which leads to death of soldiers, destruction, butchery, but the worst kind of all the atomic war. One only has to think of the havoc this nuclear war would cause Capio mentioned in the article Airpower Journal (68). Just like when the United States Air Force dropped the Atomic bombRead MoreWorld War Two and the Atomic Bomb Essay739 Words à |à 3 PagesWorld War Two and the Atomic Bomb World War II is one of the most historic points in the history of the world. The war was by far the most devastating in the history of the world. There were many controversial actions during the war, but one of the biggest was the decision by the United States to drop atomic bombs. The atomic bomb should have been used to end the war because it saved more lives than continuing the war. The official bombing order was signed on July 25, 1945, by ThosRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1422 Words à |à 6 PagesThis is how survivors of the nuclear bombs dropped on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki described the attack. This killing of civilians was definitely one of the biggest war crimes in human history. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were unnecessary and unjustified, because the war was basically over, the Russians were marching in anyways and it is an inhumane thing to do. On August 6th and August 9th 1945 the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities Hiroshima andRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Is It Really Justified?1627 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Atomic Bomb, was it really justified? On August 6, 1945, after forty-four months of increasingly brutal fighting in the Pacific, an American B-29 bomber loaded with a devastating new weapon flew in the sky over Hiroshima, Japan waiting for a signal. Minutes later the signal was given, that new weapon, the atomic bomb, was released. Its enormous destructive energy detonated in the sky, killing one hundred thousand Japanese civilians instantly. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, the UnitedRead MoreUnwarranted Atomic Catastrophe Essay918 Words à |à 4 PagesUnited States launched two atomic bombs that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians in Japan. The question at hand is if the usage of such devastating atomic bombs necessary. Over the years historians have argued whether or not the usage of the bombs was necessary, and if it was ethical (Kriger 1). Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were unnecessary acts of terrorism. There are four reasons as to why the United Statesââ¬â¢ attack on two major cities in Japan was immoral, unjust and
Wednesday, May 13, 2020
Original Writing Make Room - 835 Words
Make Room! ââ¬Å"Year 2011, in July, two weeks before the eviction I went room hunting. I found a nice room in a good neighborhood on Craigslist. I talked with the owner who appeared to be a nice person. He owned two homes, one of which he rented. I moved to a wonderful location in Maryland. The owner did not live at the house. I went to look at the house I liked what I saw. I was ready to board. The owner met me at the house to tell me the person there before me will move out by August 5th. I had to move into the owner house with his family. Nice people but strange spirits. Two weeks later after staying at the house of the owner it was time for me to move to the house. After staying in the house for six weeks, around the second week of August I became unemployed. If we profess Jesus is Lord over our life then we must consult Jesus and include him in everything we do and for every decision we make in life. I moved into the room, seeing deerââ¬â¢s in the back yard, sometimes laying on, or c rossing the front lawn (wonderful). I was experiencing a view that I someday enjoy living. I enjoyed the view of the neighborhood, new appliances, a spacious house, new washing machine, dryer and a quiet house during the day. I was not pleased. I could read my bible, but couldnââ¬â¢t pray the way I wanted too. Reading the word of God and prayer works together. (Galatians 6:8: for he that sow to his flesh shall of the flesh reap corruption, but he that sow to the spirit shall of the spirit reap lifeShow MoreRelatedWomen Need a Place to Write in Woolfs Essay, A Room of Ones Own540 Words à |à 3 PagesA room of oneââ¬â¢s own is based in the format of a lecture at a womenââ¬â¢s college on the topic of women and fiction. Woolf bases her essay around the thesis that ââ¬Å"women need money and a room of their own in order to write fictionâ⬠. Characters such as Mary Beton, Mary Carmichael, and Mary Seton are used as imaginary narrators, whom of which are grappling the same topic as Woolf. The narrator uses Oxbridge and various libraries to reflect on different educational experiences available to men and women.Read MoreWhat Is The Adaptation Of Tartuffe1155 Words à |à 5 PagesTexas by Gerald Murphy one captures Moliereââ¬â¢s intention best. Moliereââ¬â¢s intention was to portray Tartuffe as a hypocrite with a perverted sexual appetite. Thomasââ¬â¢s adaptation, Tartuffe: Born Again best obtains the original intent of the author through characterization, dialogue, and writing style. The audience first meets Tartuffe when he comes into the house, easily distracted by Dorine. Moliere shows the audience of Tartuffeââ¬â¢ sexual desire. In Act 3, Scene 2, Tartuffe is so distracted by DorineRead MorePersonal Experience In English Class1572 Words à |à 7 Pagesmyself with an A on any of my papers. Until I encountered Mr. Thompson and Ms. Marquez, the people who showed me that my success could only be accomplished by hard work and honesty. I felt the pressure build up inside me when my teacher assigned six original poems for the semester final. I panicked. The project was worth half my grade and I immediately thought I would fail the class. Instead of taking the risk I did the unspeakable, I went online and copied six poems changing some words and calling themRead MoreThey Say I Say, By Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, And Russel Durst1266 Words à |à 6 PagesGerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst outline strategies writers can use to avoid common mistakes often seen in academic writing. The book thoroughly outlines the different components that make up academic writing, such as initially summarizing what others have said before, responding with original ideas, proving a purpose to the writing, and connecting the writing in a logical and eloquent manner. The first part of They Say I Say focuses on how to properly introduce what others are sayingRead MorePersuasions Two Alternate Love Endings981 Words à |à 4 Pagesare different based on the writing style. These conclusions differ in the sense that the conclusion that Austen has Wentworth writing Anne a letter confessing his love in the book, yet in the alternate conclusion Wentworth and Anne confess their love for each other in person. The published version of the ending, the better of the two, expresses Captain Wentworthââ¬â¢s true personality, as it was shown throughout the novel. After Captain Wentworth finished writing his letter to Captain BenwickRead MoreThe Paper Is Centered On The Discussion Of The New Testament1657 Words à |à 7 Pagesto determine, not just who the author is, but to whom is the author speaking too? The letter or epistle, what unique style shows that the author is original or a pseudo author writing in the same style as the original author. Any similarities of the writing style and content and or context will also identify the author. The main style of writing that will be discussed, can be classified as the Hellenistic style that was prevalent during the time of Christ. This style consisted of three mainRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Writing Process Of Annie Dillard And Stephen King1050 Words à |à 5 Pagestheir writing. Whether they describe it as a form of telepathy like the distinguished author, Stephen King, or as a painting like the renowned author, Annie Dillard, an abundance of writers can compare their process of writing to something. Even I have some way to describe my writing, I believe it is like being an architect creating marvelous building and cities made of words. This paper is meant to explain the writing process of the two aforementioned authors as well as outlining my own writing processRead MoreCompare And Contrast Annie Dillard And Stephen King1418 Words à |à 6 Pages Everyone knows what writing is to one extent or another, but we all have different definitions of how it should be done and varying degrees of seriousness about the art. We all have a process of writing, but each is unique to ourselves and our own experiences. Annie Dillard and Stephen King are two well known authors who have published many pieces, two of which describe how they view the writing process and let their readers get a peek of what goes on through their minds when they write. These twoRead MoreTips on Paraphrasing1520 Words à |à 7 PagesParaphrasing Within academic writing it is advised that a combination of both direct and indirect quotes (paraphrasing) are used. Often it is better to paraphrase what an author has said as opposed to using lengthy direct quotations. But what does it mean ââ¬Ëto paraphraseââ¬â¢? According to the MacMillan English Dictionary (MacMillan, 2012:online), to paraphrase is ââ¬Å"to express what someone else has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it shorter or clearer.â⬠When you paraphraseRead MoreReflection Of Personal Writing : My Definition Of Writing884 Words à |à 4 Pagessit in my room, using my laptop, trying to think of the progression that I made so far during this year in terms of writing. I can say that the journey that I have come across is not easy. I started from the bottom and I feel like I am somewhere in the middle, not quite at the top, yet. Nevertheless, I am satisfied with my current state. I believe that there is only one room for me, wh ich is a room for improvement. Compare to the start the start of the semester, I am a lot better at writing now, especially
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Why Do I Want to Teach Free Essays
I was born and raised in the Bronx, New York. I attended NYC Public School 77, JHS 127 Alfred E Smith Technical Vocational HS. The Glee Club under the direction of Edna Floyd was my first step in to the world of music. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do I Want to Teach or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was in elementary school, that I received valuable training in singing as well as music theory and history. I marched in the drum line as a member of the New York Lancers Jr. Drum Bugle Corps based in the Bronx where many of my instructors where themselves, public school educators. After 3 years with the Lancers, I decided to Audition for the Garfield Cadets, a drum corps from Garfield, NJ. Garfield competed on a national level where the competition level was very high. We captured the world championship title four out of six years as a marching member and one of two years as an instructor. We won the best percussion trophy twice scoring a perfect score for one of the wins. It was at Garfield where I began to develop very valuable teaching skills under the direction and guidance of some of the best educators in the activity. I have taught many young people in various places of different ages, races and economic position. Young people want to be challenged and they love to develop skills they never knew they had. Most of all, they love to play music. The benefits conveyed by music education can be grouped in four categories: * Success in society * Success in school * Success in developing intelligence * Success in life I can teach train your percussion ensemble if one already exist, or we can start one up, either way the students get great training and information but most of all we have fun. We can have the group training culminate with a recital where the musicians get to perform live. Students learn a combination of marching and hand percussion techniques. Itââ¬â¢s fun for those looking for a musical outlet as well as those who desire to study music in college. I believe that music education is a very important element to the development of a young mind. Scientific evidence proves that an education in the arts makes for better math and science students and enhances spatial intelligence. How to cite Why Do I Want to Teach, Essay examples
Monday, May 4, 2020
Goals And Dreams Essay Example For Students
Goals And Dreams Essay DreamsTheories attempting to explain the origin and functions of REM sleepinclude: (1) that REM sleep provides stimulation for the development of thebrain; (2) that it performs a chemical restoration function, since during REMdreaming neuro-protein synthesis occurs along with the restoration of otherdepleted brain chemicals; (3) that it provides oculomotor (eye movement)coordination, since during non-REM sleep the eyes move independently of eachother; (4) that it provides a vigilance function, since REM sleep (stage I) ischaracterized by a level of consciousness close to the awakened state; (5) in amore recent and controversial theory, REM dreaming performs a neurologicalerasure function, eliminating extraneous information build-up in the memorysystem; and (6) that, in a more cognitive psychological explanation, REMdreaming enhances memory storage and reorganization. Contrary to popular belief, dreaming is not caused by eating certainfoods before bedtime, nor by environmental stimuli during sleeping. Dreaming iscaused by internal biological process. Some researchers have proposed theactivation-synthesis hypothesis. Their neurological research indicates thatlarge brain cells in the primitive brain stem spontaneously fire about every 90minutes, sending random stimuli to cortical areas of the BRAIN. As aconsequence, memory, sensory, muscle-control, and cognitive areas of the brainare randomly stimulated, resulting in the higher cortical brain attempting tomake some sense of it. This, according to the research, gives rise to theexperience of a dream. Now, as in the past, the most significant controversycenters on the question of whether dreams have intentional, or actual personal,meaning. Many psychotherapists maintain that while the neurological impulsesfrom the brain stem may activate the dreaming process, the content or meaningfulrepresentations i n dreams are caused by nonconscious needs, wishes, desires, andeveryday concerns of the dreamer. Thus, such psychotherapists subscribe to thephenomenological-clinical, or top-down, explanation, which holds that dreamsare intentionally meaningful messages from the unconscious. The neurological,or bottom-up, explanation maintains that dreams have no intentional meaning. In between these two positions is an approach called content analysis. Contentanalysis simply describes and classifies the various representations in dreams,such as people, houses, cars, trees, animals, and color, though no deepinterpretation is attributed to the content. Differences in content have beendiscovered between the dreams of males and females, and between dreams andoccurring in different developmental stages of life. What these differencesmean is under investigation. Some recent research seems to indicate that dream content reflectsproblems that the dreamer experiences in life, and that the function of suchdreams is to facilitate the emotional resolution of the problems. Numerousaccounts exist of scientific problems being resolved, and literary works beingdeveloped in dreams after dreamers had consciously immersed themselves in aproblem for an extended time. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with logic and thought processingduring dreaming, and how they are different from mental processes during thewaking state. In studies of the developmental cognitive processes of childrensdreams, for instance, it has been found that the increasing complexity ofchildrens dreams parallel waking cognitive development. Many researchersbelieve that knowledge about dreaming is important for understanding wakingimagination. Current and future research issues involve further establishing andextending all of the above areas. Anthropologists are studying cross-culturesimilarities and differences in dreams. Research into NIGHTMARES and bizarredreams continues. In addition, REM research is important for understandingpsychobiological abnormalities. Some findings indicate that epileptic seizuresare suppressed during REM sleep. Narcoleptics, people who may involuntarily fallasleep at any time, enter REM sleep almost immediately. Research continues onthe variations in dream recall. For instance, artists tend to recall moredreams than scientists, and, for the population at large, only a smallpercentage of dreams are recalled. Lucid dreaming, the ability of dreamers tobecome aware of and to control their dreams while dreaming, is also the focus ofsome current research. Some lucid dreamers can learn to communicate withresearchers through nonverbal signals. New research also promises to yieldsignificant knowledge ab out memory, storage and retrieval, cognitiveorganization, psychobiological processes, human consciousness, and specificoperations of the mind Science
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